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Brussels grew from a small rural settlement on the river Senne to become an important city-region in Europe. Since the end of the Second World War , it has been a major centre for international politics and home to numerous international organisations, politicians, diplomats and civil servants.

In addition, both its airport and railway stations are the largest and busiest in the country. Historically Dutch-speaking, Brussels saw a language shift to French from the late 19th century. English is spoken as a second language by nearly a third of the population and many migrants and expatriates speak other languages as well. Brussels is known for its cuisine and gastronomic offer including its local waffle , its chocolate , its French fries and its numerous types of beers , [42] as well as its historical and architectural landmarks; some of them are registered as UNESCO World Heritage Sites.

Due to its long tradition of Belgian comics , Brussels is also hailed as a capital of the comic strip. The names of all the municipalities in the Brussels-Capital Region are also of Dutch origin, except for Evere , which is Celtic.

In the Brabantian dialect of Brussels known as Brusselian , and also sometimes referred to as Marols or Marollien , [48] they are called Brusseleers or Brusseleirs. In the Belgian French pronunciation as well as in Dutch, the k eventually disappeared and z became s , as reflected in the current Dutch spelling , whereas in the more conservative French form , the spelling remained.

County of Leuven c. The history of Brussels is closely linked to that of Western Europe. Traces of human settlement go back to the Stone Age , with vestiges and place-names related to the civilisation of megaliths , dolmens and standing stones Plattesteen in the city centre and Tomberg in Woluwe-Saint-Lambert , for example. According to local legend, the origin of the settlement which was to become Brussels lies in Saint Gaugericus ' construction of a chapel on an island in the river Senne around When King Lothair II appointed the same Charles his brother to become Duke of Lower Lotharingia in , Charles ordered the construction of the city's first permanent fortification, doing so on that same island.

Lambert I of Leuven , Count of Leuven , gained the County of Brussels around , by marrying Charles' daughter. Because of its location on the banks of the Senne, on an important trade route between Bruges and Ghent , and Cologne , Brussels became a commercial centre specialised in the textile trade. As it grew to a population of around 30,, the surrounding marshes were drained to allow for further expansion.

Around this time, work began on what is now the Cathedral of St. Michael and St. Gudula , replacing an older Romanesque church. In , the Counts of Leuven became Dukes of Brabant. Brabant, unlike the county of Flanders, was not fief of the king of France but was incorporated into the Holy Roman Empire. In the early 13th century, the first walls of Brussels were built, [55] and after this, the city grew significantly.

To let the city expand, a second set of walls was erected between and Traces of these walls can still be seen, although the Small Ring , a series of boulevards bounding the historical city centre, follows their former course. In the 15th century, the marriage between heiress Margaret III of Flanders and Philip the Bold , Duke of Burgundy , produced a new Duke of Brabant of the House of Valois namely Antoine , their son.

In , the Burgundian duke Charles the Bold perished in the Battle of Nancy. Through the marriage of his daughter Mary of Burgundy who was born in Brussels to Holy Roman Emperor Maximilian I , the Low Countries fell under Habsburg sovereignty. Brabant was integrated into this composite state, and Brussels flourished as the Princely Capital of the prosperous Burgundian Netherlands , also known as the Seventeen Provinces.

After the death of Mary in , her son Philip the Handsome succeeded as Duke of Burgundy and Brabant. Philip died in , and he was succeeded by his son Charles V who then also became King of Spain crowned in the Cathedral of St.

Gudula and even Holy Roman Emperor at the death of his grandfather Maximilian I in Charles was now the ruler of a Habsburg Empire "on which the sun never sets" with Brussels serving as one of his main capitals. In the 16th and 17th centuries, Brussels was a centre for the lace industry.

In addition, Brussels tapestry hung on the walls of castles throughout Europe. Together with the resulting fire, it was the most destructive event in the entire history of Brussels. The Grand Place was destroyed, along with 4, buildings—a third of all the buildings in the city. The reconstruction of the city centre , effected during subsequent years, profoundly changed its appearance and left numerous traces still visible today.

Following the Treaty of Utrecht in , Spanish sovereignty over the Southern Netherlands was transferred to the Austrian branch of the House of Habsburg.

This event started the era of the Austrian Netherlands. Brussels was captured by France in , during the War of the Austrian Succession , but was handed back to Austria three years later. It remained with Austria until , when the Southern Netherlands were captured and annexed by France, and the city became the capital of the department of the Dyle. The French rule ended in , with the defeat of Napoleon on the battlefield of Waterloo , located south of today's Brussels-Capital Region.

The former Dyle department became the province of South Brabant , with Brussels as its capital. In , the Belgian Revolution began in Brussels, after a performance of Auber's opera La Muette de Portici at the Royal Theatre of La Monnaie.

South Brabant was renamed simply Brabant , with Brussels as its administrative centre. On 21 July , Leopold I , the first King of the Belgians , ascended the throne, undertaking the destruction of the city walls and the construction of many buildings. Following independence, Brussels underwent many more changes. The Industrial Revolution and the opening of the Brussels—Charleroi Canal in brought prosperity to the city through commerce and manufacturing.

In , the first passenger railway built outside England linked the municipality of Molenbeek-Saint-Jean with Mechelen. During the 19th century, the population of Brussels grew considerably; from about 80, to more than , people for the city and its surroundings. The Senne had become a serious health hazard , and from to , under the tenure of the city's then-mayor , Jules Anspach , its entire course through the urban area was completely covered over.

This allowed urban renewal and the construction of modern buildings of Haussmann -esque style along grand central boulevards , characteristic of downtown Brussels today. Buildings such as the Brussels Stock Exchange , the Palace of Justice and Saint Mary's Royal Church date from this period. This development continued throughout the reign of King Leopold II. The International Exposition of contributed to the promotion of the infrastructure. Among other things, the Palace of the Colonies [ fr ] today's Royal Museum for Central Africa , in the suburb of Tervuren , was connected to the capital by the construction of an 11 km-long 6.

Brussels became one of the major European cities for the development of the Art Nouveau style in the s and early s. The architects Victor Horta , Paul Hankar , and Henry van de Velde became particularly famous for their designs, many of which survive today.

During the 20th century, the city hosted various fairs and conferences, including the Solvay Conference on Physics and on Chemistry, and three world's fairs : the Brussels International Exposition of , the Brussels International Exposition of and the Brussels World's Fair Expo ' During World War I , Brussels was an occupied city, but German troops did not cause much damage.

During World War II , it was again occupied by German forces , and spared major damage, before it was liberated by the British Guards Armoured Division on 3 September Brussels Airport , in the suburb of Zaventem , dates from the occupation. After the war, Brussels underwent extensive modernisation.

The construction of the North—South connection , linking the main railway stations in the city, was completed in , while the first premetro underground tram service was launched in , [69] and the first Metro line was opened in Development was allowed to proceed with little regard to the aesthetics of newer buildings, and numerous architectural landmarks were demolished to make way for newer buildings that often clashed with their surroundings, giving name to the process of Brusselisation.

The Brussels-Capital Region was formed on 18 June , after a constitutional reform in In recent years, Brussels has become an important venue for international events. In , it was named European Capital of Culture alongside eight other European cities. It was the deadliest act of terrorism in Belgium. Brussels lies in the north-central part of Belgium, about km 68 mi from the Belgian coast and about km mi from Belgium's southern tip.

It is located in the heartland of the Brabantian Plateau, about 45 km 28 mi south of Antwerp Flanders , and 50 km 31 mi north of Charleroi Wallonia.

Its average elevation is 57 m ft above sea level , varying from a low point in the valley of the almost completely covered Senne , which cuts the Brussels-Capital Region from east to west, up to high points in the Sonian Forest , on its southeastern side.

In addition to the Senne, tributary streams such as the Maalbeek and the Woluwe , to the east of the region, account for significant elevation differences. Brussels' central boulevards are 15 m 49 ft above sea level. Nearby wetlands also ensure a maritime temperate climate. On average based on measurements in the period — , there are approximately days of rain per year in the Brussels-Capital Region.

Snowfall is infrequent, averaging 24 days per year. The city also often experiences violent thunderstorms in summer months. Despite its name, the Brussels-Capital Region is not the capital of Belgium. Article of the Belgian Constitution establishes that the capital of Belgium is the City of Brussels , the municipality in the region that is the city's core. The City of Brussels is the location of many national institutions.

The Royal Palace of Brussels , where the King of the Belgians exercises his prerogatives as head of state, is situated alongside Brussels' Park not to be confused with the Royal Palace of Laeken , the official home of the Belgian Royal Family.

The Palace of the Nation is located on the opposite side of this park, and is the seat of the Belgian Federal Parliament. The office of the Prime Minister of Belgium , colloquially called Law Street 16 French: 16, rue de la Loi , Dutch: Wetstraat 16 , is located adjacent to this building. It is also where the Council of Ministers holds its meetings. The Court of Cassation , Belgium's main court, has its seat in the Palace of Justice.

Other important institutions in the City of Brussels are the Constitutional Court , the Council of State , the Court of Audit , the Royal Belgian Mint and the National Bank of Belgium. The City of Brussels is also the capital of both the French Community of Belgium [11] and the Flemish Community.

The 19 municipalities French: communes , Dutch: gemeenten of the Brussels-Capital Region are political subdivisions with individual responsibilities for the handling of local level duties, such as law enforcement and the upkeep of schools and roads within its borders.

In , Belgium was divided into 2, municipalities, including the 19 in the Brussels-Capital Region. The largest municipality in area and population is the City of Brussels, covering The smallest in area is Saint-Josse-ten-Noode , which is only 1. There is much controversy on the division of 19 municipalities for a highly urbanised region, which is considered as half of one city by most people.

Some politicians mock the "19 baronies" and want to merge the municipalities under one city council and one mayor. The current municipalities could be transformed into districts with limited responsibilities, similar to the current structure of Antwerp or to structures of other capitals like the boroughs in London or arrondissements in Paris , to keep politics close enough to the citizen.

In early , Molenbeek-Saint-Jean held a reputation as a safe haven for jihadists in relation to the support shown by some residents towards the bombers who carried out the Paris and Brussels attacks. Berchem-Sainte-Agathe Sint-Agatha-Berchem.

   


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